Geography
Document Type
Article
Abstract
CONTEXT: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has the climatic and biophysical potential to grow the crops it needs to meet rapidly growing food demand; however, agricultural productivity remains low. While potential maize yields in Zambia are 9 t per hectare (t/ha), the average farmer produces only 1–2. OBJECTIVE: We evaluate the contribution of responses to weather risk to that gap by decomposing the yield gap in maize in Zambia. While we know that improved seed and fertilizer can expand yield and profit, they may also increase the variance of yield under different weather outcomes, reducing their adoption. METHODS: We use a novel approach combining crop modeling and statistical analysis of survey data to obtain the yield gap components in Zambia driven by input cost and input risk. We use a crop model to simulate district-level marginal effects of fertilizer and seed maturity choice on the mean and variance of expected yield and profit under all-weather outcomes for each district for the past 30 years. We compare input levels that maximize expected yield to those that maximize expected profit and maximize the expected mean-variance trade-off assuming risk-aversion. To determine how much farmers' input choices are made to reduce risk, we then quantify differences in the expected riskiness of inputs by district. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We find approximately one-quarter of the yield gap can be explained by risk-reducing behavior, albeit with a substantial geographic variation. Given this finding, under present conditions, we expect that the average maximum yield that farmers can obtain without increasing risk is 6.75 t/ha compared to a potential profit-maximizing level of 8.84 t/ha. SIGNIFICANCE: The risk-related yield gap is only expected to increase with weather extremes driven by climate change. Promoting “one-size-fits all” solutions to closing the yield gap could underestimate the effect of risk mitigation on agricultural production while increasing farmers' risk exposure. © 2023 The Authors
Publication Title
Agricultural Systems
Publication Date
5-2023
Volume
208
ISSN
0308-521X
DOI
10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103657
Keywords
agricultural inputs, productivity, risk, weather shocks, yield gaps
Repository Citation
Gatti, Nicolas; Cecil, Michael; Baylis, Kathy; Estes, Lyndon; Blekking, Jordan; Heckelei, Thomas; Vergopolan, Noemi; and Evans, Tom, "Is closing the agricultural yield gap a "risky" endeavor?" (2023). Geography. 939.
https://commons.clarku.edu/faculty_geography/939
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright
© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).