Convergence of microclimate in residential landscapes across diverse cities in the United States

Authors

Sharon J. Hall, School of Life Sciences
J. Learned, School of Life Sciences
B. Ruddell, Arizona State University
K. L. Larson, Arizona State University
J. Cavender-Bares, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
N. Bettez, Institute of Ecosystem Studies
P. M. Groffman, Institute of Ecosystem Studies
J. M. Grove, USDA Forest Service
J. B. Heffernan, Duke University
S. E. Hobbie, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
J. L. Morse, Portland State University
C. Neill, Ecosystems Center
K. C. Nelson, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
J. P.M. O’Neil-Dunne, University of Vermont
L. Ogden, Dartmouth College
D. E. Pataki, The University of Utah
W. D. Pearse, Université McGill
C. Polsky, Florida Atlantic University
R. Roy Chowdhury, Indiana University Bloomington
M. K. Steele, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
T. L.E. Trammell, University of Delaware

Document Type

Article

Abstract

Context: The urban heat island (UHI) is a well-documented pattern of warming in cities relative to rural areas. Most UHI research utilizes remote sensing methods at large scales, or climate sensors in single cities surrounded by standardized land cover. Relatively few studies have explored continental-scale climatic patterns within common urban microenvironments such as residential landscapes that may affect human comfort. Objectives: We tested the urban homogenization hypothesis which states that structure and function in cities exhibit ecological “sameness” across diverse regions relative to the native ecosystems they replaced. Methods: We deployed portable micrometeorological sensors to compare air temperature and humidity in residential yards and native landscapes across six U.S. cities that span a range of climates (Phoenix, AZ; Los Angeles, CA; Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN; Boston, MA; Baltimore, MD; and Miami, FL). Results: Microclimate in residential ecosystems was more similar among cities than among native ecosystems, particularly during the calm morning hours. Maximum regional actual evapotranspiration (AET) was related to the morning residential microclimate effect. Residential yards in cities with maximum AET <50–65 cm/year (Phoenix and Los Angeles) were generally cooler and more humid than nearby native shrublands during summer mornings, while yards in cities above this threshold were generally warmer (Baltimore and Miami) and drier (Miami) than native forests. On average, temperature and absolute humidity were ~6 % less variable among residential ecosystems than among native ecosystems from diverse regions. Conclusions: These data suggest that common residential land cover and structural characteristics lead to microclimatic convergence across diverse regions at the continental scale.

Publication Title

Landscape Ecology

Publication Date

2016

Volume

31

Issue

1

First Page

101

Last Page

117

ISSN

0921-2973

DOI

10.1007/s10980-015-0297-y

Keywords

humidity, microclimate, residential lawn, urban heat island (UHI), urban homogenization, urban protected area

Repository Citation

Hall, Sharon J.; Learned, J.; Ruddell, B.; Larson, K. L.; Cavender-Bares, J.; Bettez, N.; Groffman, P. M.; Grove, J. M.; Heffernan, J. B.; Hobbie, S. E.; Morse, J. L.; Neill, C.; Nelson, K. C.; O’Neil-Dunne, J. P.M.; Ogden, L.; Pataki, D. E.; Pearse, W. D.; Polsky, C.; Chowdhury, R. Roy; Steele, M. K.; and Trammell, T. L.E., "Convergence of microclimate in residential landscapes across diverse cities in the United States" (2016). Geography. 593.
https://commons.clarku.edu/faculty_geography/593